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Working in the fields: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 5; Both men and women work in the wet-rice fields. Rural women living in highland Southeast Asia typically scale high mountains and do hard outdoor physical labor, which keeps them physically fit and strong. With one basket strapped at the waist and another larger...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Foundation of a diet: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 1; Wherever rice will grow in Southeast Asia, it is grown. Rice is one of the most nutritious and protein-rich grains that humans have domesticated from wild plants. Here, a woman is selling rice in an outdoor market in Hanoi. The round woven basket in front...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Wet rice in the highlands: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 3; This photograph, and most of the photos that follow, was taken in Mai Chau, in the highlands of northwestern Vietnam. In most of Southeast Asia, the highlands are too dry or steep to construct the standing water pools required to nourish wet rice. Therefore,...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Ducks and rice: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 10; In many parts of Southeast Asia, farmers raise ducks and farm wet-rice fields in a mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, relationship. Duck droppings fertilize the water in which the rice grows. Ducks also eat the algae and other weeds that grow near the young...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Caring for children: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 20; Throughout Southeast Asia, but especially in highland farming areas, children of both sexes are considered precious and vulnerable. Adults and teens of both sexes and all ages generally enjoy caring for young children. They find it an amusing and relaxing...; By Lorraine Aragon.

A highland farmhouse: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 14; The farm house shown here, located by a canal at Dong Ha, has a thatch and corrugated metal roof. Corrugated metal roofs are popular among some farmers in Southeast Asia because they are long lasting and fire resistant. They are, however, hotter, noisier,...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Animals for transportation: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 9; Open-backed and slat-sided buses such as the one shown here usually serve medium distance links between towns. Passengers crowd together inside, while luggage, produce, and sometimes even livestock are tied on the roof of the bus. Rural farmers often move...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Protection from the sun: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 6; Rural women, men, and children throughout Southeast Asia commonly weave their own hats, sleeping mats, and baskets from a variety of palm leaf, bamboo, and rattan fibers. Mountain groups or highlanders are less involved in the national cash economy (often...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Vietnam: Historical background: Vietnam has strong historical connections to China and India and has been ruled by both China and France. After turmoil and wars in the twentieth century, Vietnam embarked on a program of reform that has opened relations with the United States.; By Lorraine Aragon.

Fish market: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 6; Women in Southeast Asia often work as food merchants in centralized outdoor markets where regional farm produce is collected for sale to surrounding town residents. Typically vendors selling similar items in adjacent spots are both cooperating and competing...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Making salt: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 7; This wide landscape view of salt-making fields along the coast south of Nha Trang shows sea water evaporating in some front and back fields, while salt is nearly ready for harvest in the middle fields. This type of salt production is a low-cost technology...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Life in a sea port: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 8; Hoi An is a fishing village that has been a stop on the merchant ship trade route since at least the 1700s. Coastal ports throughout Southeast Asia developed starting in the first millennium A.D. as maritime trade routes expanded between China and India. The...; By Lorraine Aragon.

The imperial dragon: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 13; The design of the large-eyed, scaly dragon is similar to those found in Chinese art. Throughout East and part of Southeast Asia, dragon images represent power and protection.; By Lorraine Aragon.

A family altar: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 17; The merchant house shown here was built about 1790 at Hoi An. The style of the room decorations and the written characters on the pictures at top left indicate the ethnic Chinese background of this merchant family. Beginning hundreds of years ago, merchant...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Off to market: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 21; Small livestock raised on nearby farms are delivered to market this way so that customers can buy them alive. The buyers can choose the healthiest birds, keep the animals alive until they are needed for food, and be assured of purchasing fresh meat. These...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Street food: In Contemporary life in Vietnam, page 8; “Street food” is generally freshly made, inexpensive, and readily available throughout urban areas of Southeast Asia. Here, bowls of prepared foods bare stacked high on a round tray which is suspended by ropes carried on a shoulder pole by the...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Women as merchants: In Contemporary life in Vietnam, page 9; Women throughout Southeast Asia regularly work in outdoor markets, both as preparers and sellers of food items. This woman, at an outdoor market in Hanoi, sells variously colored noodles from large trays. Noodle-making is a fine art in Vietnam, where ingredients...; By Lorraine Aragon.

River trade: In Contemporary life in Vietnam, page 14; This boat is docked along the Mekong River near Mytho. Such boats, propelled by outboard motors mounted on the back, are typical, medium-sized river and coastal island ferry boats in Southeast Asia. The waterways of the Mekong are the region's primary conduit...; By Lorraine Aragon.

On wheels: In Contemporary life in Vietnam, page 15; On this modern metal bridge at Hué, a woman and child bicycle on the right while in the middle, women and men move faster on motorcycles. In the warm climate and frugal economic conditions of Southeast Asia, motorcycles and motor scooters are practical and...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Reading and chatting: In Contemporary life in Vietnam, page 16; Most Southeast Asians use woven mats somewhere in their homes, often as decorative floor coverings, but also sometimes as spaces for eating or sleeping. Mats essentially pre-date most forms of furniture in Southeast Asia, and they were originally all woven...; By Lorraine Aragon.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.