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Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 17; Figure 15 shows a coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community about 100 yards back from the river. This community has a variety of small trees growing under the canopy trees of oak, maple, sweet gum, and pine. If you look closely at the forest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 18; Figure 16 show a view of the White Oak where it is usually nothing but a creek-sized stream about 25 feet across and a few inches deep. As you can see, the floodwaters of Hurricane Floyd continue to keep it out of its banks almost two months later. The are...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How do hurricanes cause damage to coastal infrastructure?: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 2.1; A fully formed hurricane carries three major threats to coastal development: low atmospheric pressure, high surface winds, and heavy rainfall. These threats are realized in different ways. Low central pressure becomes a threat when...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane storm surges in North Carolina: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 6; Figure 3 shows the bottom of the exhibit shown in Figure 2 and provides data on recent hurricanes in North Carolina. Those shown are four of the storms of the 1990s but do not include Dennis and Floyd in 1999, both of which occurred just weeks before the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Masonboro Island after Hurricane Floyd: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 7; Figure 4 shows what a low sand volume barrier island looks like after a hurricane. If you are thinking that it looks flat, you are absolutely correct! It is flat. That is what happens when a 7- to 12-foot storm surge with 8- to 10-foot waves on top of it floods...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Overwash fan on Masonboro Island: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 8; Figure 5 shows you some of the sand that was washed landward on Masonboro Island by hurricanes Dennis and Floyd. It was washed into and over the salt marsh, forming what geologists call an overwash fan. This structure forms like a river delta, in that water...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune erosion on Oak Island (2): In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 12; Figure 9 shows another set of oceanfront houses after Hurricane Floyd's landfall. This dune, too, has been flattened, leaving some houses standing on the beach and some not standing at all. Note, however, that the beach under the house in the foreground is...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune erosion on Oak Island (1): In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 11; Shoreface construction on southeastern barrier islands rarely fares well when hurricanes make landfall over them. Figure 8 shows how this generalization played out on Oak Island during Hurricane Floyd. The houses were behind a small primary dune before the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Houses set back from the shoreline: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 13; Figure 10 shows another view of the Oak Island beach after Floyd. The beach here looks much like it did before the hurricane. The only real evidence of damage is the modest cliff formed at the front of the dunefield. There is no evidence of damage to shorefront...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Houses built too close to shore: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 14; Figure 11 shows a row of houses near those in Figure 10. These were not set back far from the average high tide line. All of these houses are now on the upper edge of the beach, and sea water washes around their foundations at high tide. There is a real question...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane overwash fan and houses: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 15; Figure 12 shows some of the sand that was washed off the beach on Oak Island by Floyd. As we saw in the photos of Masonboro and Topsail Islands shown in Figures 6 and 7, some of Oak Island's beach sand ended up in an overwash fan landward of the original dune...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beach accretion: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 16; Figure 13 shows some more of the sand that was eroded off the Oak Island beach by Hurricane Floyd. It is a little hard to see, but if you look at the base of the stairs leading down from the deck of this house, you will see that sand covers at least the two...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Figure Eight Island: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 17; We now turn our attention to Figure Eight Island, a privately owned island about 25 miles north of Oak Island and Hurricane Floyd's landfall. Although Figure Eight Island was not the site of hurricane landfall in 1999, it was in the sector of Hurricane Floyd...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beach and berm: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 4; Figure 2 shows another view of the same rather dull topography of beach and berm. A little life can be seen in the middle background where pioneering sand dune plants have established a precarious roothold. In the left background you can see where sand has...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Mid-tide beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 5; Figure 3 shows the mid-tide beach with evidence of recent accretion of sand to the upper beach. Look closely at the beach profile and you will see that the surface is slightly higher and more covered with shells both above and below the relatively shell-free...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane Floyd overwash: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 12; Figure 10 shows the result of an overwash event from Hurricane Floyd in 1999. The pile of vegetation and road tar in the right foreground is evidence of the destruction of a previously existing dune and parking area. In the middle distance we can see the beach...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beachfront mansion: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 15; Figure 13 shows a recently built beachfront mansion on the even more recently flattened topography of North Topsail. Note the tilted beach access steps indicative of damage from Hurricanes Dennis and/or Floyd in 1999. Note also the corner iron for the lot...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beach erosion: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 16; Figure 14 shows how beach erosion has undermined the deck and foundations of the houses in the foreground and apparently has threatened to do the same in the multifamily dwelling behind them. Note the remnants of an earlier dune on the right, and the roadway...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Bear Island dunes (2): In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 5; Figure 4 shows the crests of dunes on the landward side of Bear Island and the back-barrier salt marsh stretching toward the mainland. By estimating the distance from the dune crests to the salt marsh surface, we can see that the dunes are tall, and once again...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dunes nearer the ocean: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 9; Figure 8 shows the Bear Island dunefield nearer the ocean than those shown in previous photographs and also closer to the inlet that separates Bear Island from Bogue Banks. Bogue Banks, our next stop on this field trip, is a developed barrier island, as you...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.