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- Inference by analogy
- In Intrigue of the Past, page 2.12
- Students will use historical sources and an archaeological site map to infer the use or meaning of items recovered from a North Carolina Native American site based on 17th-century European settlers' accounts and illustrations. They will also describe prehistoric lifeways based on archaeological and ethnohistoric information and explain why archaeologists use ethnohistoric analogy.
- Format: lesson plan (grade 8 Social Studies)
- The village farmers
- In Intrigue of the Past, page 3.5
- North Carolina sat on a crossroads by AD 1000. Cultural ideas from other places breezed through it and around it: how to decorate pottery, how to orient political and social life, how to honor the dead, how to structure towns.
- The present state of Carolina [people, climate]
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 2.1
- Excerpt from John Lawson's 1709 A New Voyage to Carolina describing (and mostly praising) the European and native inhabitants, weather, and natural resources of Carolina, as well as what settlers should bring with them from Europe. Includes historical commentary.
- Format: book
- Commentary and sidebar notes by David Walbert.
- John Lawson animal illustration
- John Lawson's drawings of animals native to the Carolinas, originally included in his 1709 book A New Voyage to Carolina; Containing the Exact Description and Natural History of That Country: Together with the Present State Thereof....
- Format: image/illustration
- Among the Tuscarora: The strange and mysterious death of John Lawson, gentleman, explorer, and writer
- They've taken his clothes, picked the straight razor out of his pocket: one brave fingers it, touches the blade — bright blood springs from his thumb and he laughs. The pitch pine split by the women is ready, a clay pot full...
- Format: article
- By Marjorie Hudson.
- The Death of John Lawson
- Baron Christoph Von Graffenried's drawing, The Death of John Lawson, depicts Von Graffenried, his servant, and John Lawson being held captive by Tuscarora Indians shortly before Lawson's death. In the center of the drawing, the...
- Format: image/illustration
- Natural diversity
- In Prehistory, contact, and the Lost Colony, page 1.1
- North Carolina has within its borders the highest mountains east of the Mississippi River, a broad, low-lying coastal area, and all the land in between. That variety of landforms, elevations, and climates has produced as diverse a range of ecosystems as any state in the United States. It has also influenced the way people have lived in North Carolina for thousands of years.
- Format: article
- By David Walbert.
- Peoples of the Coastal Plain
- In Prehistory, contact, and the Lost Colony, page 2.6
- When Europeans arrived in the late 1500s, North Carolina’s northern Coastal Plain was home to two different cultures. Speakers of Algonkian languages lived closest to the Atlantic edge, in the Outer Coastal Plain or Tidewater. Iroquoian speakers lived more inland, on the Inner Coastal Plain. Based on the distinctive items each group left, archaeologists call the Algonkian speakers Colington and the Iroquoian speakers Cashie.
- Format: article
- Spanish empire failed to conquer Southeast
- In Prehistory, contact, and the Lost Colony, page 3.6
- Juan Pardo’s expedition erected six forts in the Southeastern interior, including one at Guatari. Most of them seem to have fallen in short order. That result wasn’t surprising. The forts were isolated, lightly garrisoned in most cases, dependent on the Indians for food, and prone to trigger Indian resentment.
- Format: article
- The lost landscape of the Piedmont
- In Prehistory, contact, and the Lost Colony, page 5.5
- The Piedmont region of North Carolina is unrecognizable compared to the landscape of 400 years ago. Where man-made lakes now sit were huge bottomland forests. While pine trees accounted for only a small percentage of Piedmont acreage, they now dominate the region's forests -- a result of clearing hardwoods to create farmland. Other once-prominent landscapes include areas of grassland known as “Piedmont prairie,” and upland depression swamps where the clay soils often kept moisture on the land’s surface.
- Format: article
- Disease and catastrophe
- In Prehistory, contact, and the Lost Colony, page 5.3
- Of all the kinds of life exchanged when the Old and New Worlds met, lowly germs had the greatest impact. Europeans and later Africans brought smallpox and a host of other diseases with them to America, where those diseases killed as much as 90 percent of the native population of two continents. Europeans came away lucky -- with only a few tropical diseases from Africa and, probably, syphilis from the New World. In America, disease destoyed civilizations.
- Format: article
- By David Walbert.
- About the Archaeology Primer
- In Excavating Occaneechi Town: An archaeology primer, page 1
- The Occaneechi Indians were once prominent in the Virginia and Carolina Piedmont. As their numbers were reduced by clashes with European colonists, they retreated to a village on the Eno River. Their numbers further dwindled due to disease and warfare, and by 1730 the Occaneechi were all but gone. In 1983, archaeologists discovered a village site near Hillsborough, North Carolina. Through a series of digs, they confirmed that they had found Occaneechi Town.
- Format: article
- Lawson title page
- Format: image/document
- Who owns the land?
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 3.3
- Europeans and American Indians had very different ideas about what it meant to "own" land, and these differences led to many of the conflicts between the two cultures in America.
- Format: article
- By David Walbert.
- The Tuscarora War
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 3.2
- The encroachment of British colonists on Tuscarora land in North Carolina resulted in numerous conflicts. Control over the most desirable land caused disputes, British settlers engaged in unfair trade practices and violated treaties, and the Tuscarora raided British livestock. In 1711, these and other sources of conflict erupted into bloody warfare. With the assistance of soldiers and rival tribes from South Carolina, the Tuscarora were defeated in 1712. Following the war, the Tuscarora emigrated to New York and joined the Iroquois of the Long House.
- Format: article
- William Hilton explores the Cape Fear River
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 1.7
- A 1663 report by the English explorer William Hilton about the geography and native peoples of the Cape Fear region, including a story of conflict between New Englanders and Cape Fear Indians. Includes historical commentary.
- Format: book
- A German immigrant writes home
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 2.4
- Letter (c. 1710) from a immigrant to North Carolina to his family and friends in Germany, telling about his life and experiences in Carolina and giving advice to others who might follow him. Includes historical commentary.
- Format: letter
- A letter from Major Christopher Gale, November 2, 1711
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 3.6
- Letter describing the bloody attacks that began the Tuscarora War between North Carolina Indians and settlers. Includes historical commentary.
- Format: letter
- John Lawson's assessment of the Tuscarora
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 3.4
- Excerpt from John Lawson's 1709 A New Voyage to Carolina discussing the sources of conflict between the Tuscarora and English settlers in North Carolina and Lawson's hopes for integrating the Tuscarora into colonial society. Includes historical commentary.
- Format: book
- Commentary and sidebar notes by David Walbert.
- The fate of North Carolina's native peoples
- In Colonial North Carolina, page 3.8
- After the Tuscarora War (1711–1713) and Yamasee War (1715–1716), only the Cherokee among North Carolina's native peoples remained intact. The Coastal Plain and Piedmont were effectively cleared for European settlement.
- Format: article
- By David Walbert.
