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The White Oak River: Introduction: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 1; One of the interesting things to do during field study of natural areas is to follow an environmental gradient across the landscape. This is particularly rewarding if your gradient extends up a river, as the exploration takes on the aura of a classic “search...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh invasion: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 12; Whereas figure 9 seemed to show trees invading a marsh, figure 10 shows salt marsh invading a forest. The Juncos marsh shown here has grown up under the trees of a forest community known as the Estuarine Fringe Loblolly Pine Forest....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Tidal freshwater section of the White Oak (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 14; Figure 12 shows another part of the tidal freshwater section of the White Oak. Here you can see not only red cedars growing close to the river but also a few pines and maples. The presence of the latter species tells us that the water almost never gets salty...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 17; Figure 15 shows a coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community about 100 yards back from the river. This community has a variety of small trees growing under the canopy trees of oak, maple, sweet gum, and pine. If you look closely at the forest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 18; Figure 16 show a view of the White Oak where it is usually nothing but a creek-sized stream about 25 feet across and a few inches deep. As you can see, the floodwaters of Hurricane Floyd continue to keep it out of its banks almost two months later. The are...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Bald Head Island: We have arrived at last to the Atlantic Ocean. On the left side of the inlet is Bald Head Island and on the right is Fort Caswell on the eastern tip of Oak Island. In the foreground is Soutport. The inlet is about one mile across. Notice that the boat traffic...; By Steve Keith.

Pine forest and salt marsh: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 11; Other aspects of salt marsh distribution are also indicators of recent sea level rise. The best example is found where salt marsh plants are extending their range into habitats dominated by plants that cannot tolerate frequent exposure to salt water. This...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Developing salt marsh: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 12; In case you were doubtful that salt marshes can really invade and take over forested areas, I have included Figure 11 to lay these doubts to rest. In this photograph you will see a developing salt marsh with the trunks and roots of the preexisting forest still...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Maritime forest: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 13; Pine forests are not the only type of forest that salt marshes can invade during periods of rising sea level. Figure 12 shows a salt marsh in an area between beach ridges on Bogue Banks extending laterally into a maritime forest of live oaks and other hardwoods....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Quick study: Paleoindian Period: A “cheat sheet” covering basic information about the Paleoindian Period and its key characteristics.

Forests and fires: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 1; Americans of different eras have viewed forest fires very differently. Most modern Americans view them as natural disasters. They base this opinion on widely publicized devastating fires that have swept through the brushland areas near Los Angeles and Yellowstone...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How did longleaf pine forests become dependent on fire?: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 2; “Fire-dependent forest” seems like an oxymoron — a combination of apparently contradictory terms put together to produce what seems to be a paradox. For southeastern pine savannas, though, the term fire-dependent defines the dominant...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

The savanna: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 3; Figures 1 and 2 are general views of longleaf pine savannas in Camp Lejeune. You can see why Captain John Smith said of these habitats, “Of thicks [thickets] there were none” when he crossed these savannas in his seventeenth-century explorations...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Three-year burns: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 4; Figure 3 shows a longleaf savanna that is being burned at three year intervals. Note the almost complete absence of broadleaf trees on the forest floor, and the pines of many different sizes. The different sized pines indicate that pine regeneration has occurred...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Five-year burns: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 5; Figure 4 shows a pine savanna that has been burned at five year intervals. Note the presence of hardwoods in most areas of the forest floor, and that the trees seem to fall into one of three size classes: young trees only a few inches in diameter (some bending...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Mature pine savanna: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 6; Figure 5 shows a pine savanna that is more mature than those shown earlier. The area illustrated is being managed as habitat for one the signature species of the longleaf pine savanna, the red cockaded woodpecker. These small birds nest in old-growth longleaf,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Fire and hardwoods: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 7; Figure 6 shows the lethal effect of a recent growing season burn on the hardwoods that were invading this pine forest. The leaves are clearly dead, but the stems may still recover from the relatively cool fire that was allowed to run through this area. This...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Wire grass plants: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 8; Figure 7 shows the tops of wire grass plants growing in the open areas of the savanna shown in Figure 6. Note that these plants have developed viable seed in the aftermath of the fire. It appears that fire is essential for production...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Fire!: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 9; Figure 8 shows what you have probably been wanting to see from the beginning: a fire in the longleaf pine savanna. This photograph was taken in the spring of 1999 when controlled burns during the growing season were carried out at many sites within Camp Lejeune....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Controlled burn: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 10; Figure 9 shows a longer distance view of the same controlled burn shown in Figure 8. Note that visible fire can only be seen behind the mature tree in the center. Otherwise, the only indication of the fire is the smoke in the background....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.