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- Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (1)
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 15
- Figure 13 is a view of a tidal freshwater section of the river where freshwater marsh dominated by sawgrass fronts a typical blackwater swamp forest. This is about 12 miles from the sea and does not get salt water very often at all. The log in the foreground...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Bear Island dunes (1)
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 4
- We will begin our trip by visiting Bear Island, the undeveloped island of the pair of large sand volume barrier islands. Figure 3 shows the high volume sand dunes on Bear Island. These dunes are about 50 feet high and cover an area about 5 miles long and one-half...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Bear Island dunes (2)
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 5
- Figure 4 shows the crests of dunes on the landward side of Bear Island and the back-barrier salt marsh stretching toward the mainland. By estimating the distance from the dune crests to the salt marsh surface, we can see that the dunes are tall, and once again...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Back-barrier salt marsh
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 6
- Figure 5 shows the back-barrier salt marsh with a dune crest visible on the right and an area of maritime forest in the left background. This will allow you to confirm your estimate of the height of the dunes and the role these high dunes have in protecting...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Early-stage forest
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 8
- Figure 7 shows an earlier and more problematic stage of maritime forest development on Bear Island. Here we see a live oak on which all the seaward branches have been stunted by salt-laden wind off the ocean, leaving only those on the lee side of the trunk...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Pine forest and salt marsh
- In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 11
- Other aspects of salt marsh distribution are also indicators of recent sea level rise. The best example is found where salt marsh plants are extending their range into habitats dominated by plants that cannot tolerate frequent exposure to salt water. This...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Developing salt marsh
- In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 12
- In case you were doubtful that salt marshes can really invade and take over forested areas, I have included Figure 11 to lay these doubts to rest. In this photograph you will see a developing salt marsh with the trunks and roots of the preexisting forest still...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Irrigating the fields
- In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 4
- Wet-rice farming requires that plants stand in water during early stages of their growth. The water then must be drained away before the rice fully ripens for harvesting. Bamboo wheels such as the one shown here aid this process of water management in places...
- By Lorraine Aragon.
- Montagnards
- In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 13
- The region around Mai Chau is home to ethnic minorities sometimes known in Vietnam as “hill tribes” or Montagnards (“mountain people”). In this part of northern Vietnam, the highland minority groups are mostly speakers of Tai languages,...
- By Lorraine Aragon.
- Forests and fires
- In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 1
- Americans of different eras have viewed forest fires very differently. Most modern Americans view them as natural disasters. They base this opinion on widely publicized devastating fires that have swept through the brushland areas near Los Angeles and Yellowstone...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- How did longleaf pine forests become dependent on fire?
- In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 2
- “Fire-dependent forest” seems like an oxymoron — a combination of apparently contradictory terms put together to produce what seems to be a paradox. For southeastern pine savannas, though, the term fire-dependent defines the dominant...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- The savanna
- In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 3
- Figures 1 and 2 are general views of longleaf pine savannas in Camp Lejeune. You can see why Captain John Smith said of these habitats, “Of thicks [thickets] there were none” when he crossed these savannas in his seventeenth-century explorations...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Mature pine savanna
- In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 6
- Figure 5 shows a pine savanna that is more mature than those shown earlier. The area illustrated is being managed as habitat for one the signature species of the longleaf pine savanna, the red cockaded woodpecker. These small birds nest in old-growth longleaf,...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Controlled burn
- In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 10
- Figure 9 shows a longer distance view of the same controlled burn shown in Figure 8. Note that visible fire can only be seen behind the mature tree in the center. Otherwise, the only indication of the fire is the smoke in the background....
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Pocosin community
- In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 17
- We cannot close this field trip to Camp Lejeune without taking you quickly to some of the other rare plant communities that are found there. Camp Lejeune is recognized by biologists as globally significant for its populations of rare plants and animals (Figures...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- What is a wetland, and why do we have so many types?
- In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 2
- The legal definition of a wetland has become controversial as wetlands have gained a measure of protection from uncontrolled ditching and draining. This protection has been accorded them as their role in sustaining high water quality and wildlife habitat has...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Adaptation to frequent fires
- In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 4
- In addition to fire-resistant bark, longleaf pines have a number of other adaptations to their frequent-fire habitat other than their fire resistant bark. For example, their seedlings have a growth cycle that helps them escape fires. After seeds are shed from...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Tidal freshwater marsh
- In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 9
- Figure 8 shows a tidal freshwater marsh. The dominant plant here is sawgrass, the same species that occurs abundantly in the Everglades. Here it is growing along a blackwater river in front of a swamp forest. The area illustrated here is close enough to the...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Cypress-gum swamp
- In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 10
- As we cruise downstream along our virtual river, we will find places where the river bank is inundated almost all of the time. These habitats support swamp forests dominated by trees adapted to living in flooded soil. The most common type of these forests...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Estuaries in North Carolina: A primer
- Estuaries are places near the coast where freshwater and saltwater mix. Influenced by ocean forces yet partly sheltered from them, estuaries have unique and fascinating ecologies. This article explains what estuaries are, their geology and role in the larger...
- By Waverly Harrell and Jennifer Godwin-Wyer.
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