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Irrigating the fields: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 4; Wet-rice farming requires that plants stand in water during early stages of their growth. The water then must be drained away before the rice fully ripens for harvesting. Bamboo wheels such as the one shown here aid this process of water management in places...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Working in the fields: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 5; Both men and women work in the wet-rice fields. Rural women living in highland Southeast Asia typically scale high mountains and do hard outdoor physical labor, which keeps them physically fit and strong. With one basket strapped at the waist and another larger...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Wet rice in the highlands: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 3; This photograph, and most of the photos that follow, was taken in Mai Chau, in the highlands of northwestern Vietnam. In most of Southeast Asia, the highlands are too dry or steep to construct the standing water pools required to nourish wet rice. Therefore,...; By Lorraine Aragon.

From field to bowl: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 11; Harvested rice grains generally are stored in their husks until needed for food. At that time, the husks must be removed either in large stone or wood mortars with pestles wielded by farmers, or by the kind of mechanical threshing machine seen here. Such machines...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Winnowing by hand: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 12; Winnowing trays are round and generally plaited from bamboo strands woven tightly onto a rattan frame. In rural villages, they are made at home by members of every household along with most of their other farming and household tools. Rice grains that have...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Ducks and rice: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 10; In many parts of Southeast Asia, farmers raise ducks and farm wet-rice fields in a mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, relationship. Duck droppings fertilize the water in which the rice grows. Ducks also eat the algae and other weeds that grow near the young...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Working with animals: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 7; In addition to providing labor, water buffalo also sometimes are eaten at major community feasts. Traditionally, buffalo were a major source of wealth for Southeast Asian families. They still are favored in highland wet-rice areas where neither humans not...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Montagnards: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 13; The region around Mai Chau is home to ethnic minorities sometimes known in Vietnam as “hill tribes” or Montagnards (“mountain people”). In this part of northern Vietnam, the highland minority groups are mostly speakers of Tai languages,...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Caring for children: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 20; Throughout Southeast Asia, but especially in highland farming areas, children of both sexes are considered precious and vulnerable. Adults and teens of both sexes and all ages generally enjoy caring for young children. They find it an amusing and relaxing...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Elevated houses: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 15; Two thatch-roofed houses elevated on wood columns at Mai Chau provide excellent examples of highland village house construction. In the rear of the photograph, a person works in the shade under the house. Hand-hewn wooden walls, columns, shutter doors, and...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Living in the field: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 17; Highland families may use these small houses on a permanent basis, especially if they are near permanent wet-rice fields. Yet the houses sometimes are moved or abandoned when families cultivate other fields during different years or seasons. The canal running...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Water for drinking: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 16; This well, rimmed with a cement wall, is a community water source at Mai Chau. A red plastic pail suspended from a pole and washing basin are visible on the right. In the background, laundry is drying. Traditionally, Southeast Asian highlanders drew water...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Carpentry skills: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 18; Carpenters in highland villages generally work with hand tools, using no electricity. Metal parts, generally now imported from the cities, are either forged in the village or bought pre-made from blacksmiths in larger towns. The man shown here is using a large...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Women working: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 21; The bright green rice plants in the field are still young and unripe. Note, again, the power lines running in the background.; By Lorraine Aragon.

Protection from the sun: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 6; Rural women, men, and children throughout Southeast Asia commonly weave their own hats, sleeping mats, and baskets from a variety of palm leaf, bamboo, and rattan fibers. Mountain groups or highlanders are less involved in the national cash economy (often...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Vietnam: Historical background: Vietnam has strong historical connections to China and India and has been ruled by both China and France. After turmoil and wars in the twentieth century, Vietnam embarked on a program of reform that has opened relations with the United States.; By Lorraine Aragon.

The parts of a lesson plan: In Web Publishing & Collaboration Guide, page 1.4; If you're thinking of submitting a lesson plan to LEARN NC, this primer will acquaint you with the various parts of a lesson plan and explain what should be included.; Format: article/help

Profile of a rural Vietnamese woman in a palm leaf sunhat: A rural Vietnamese women wears a traditional style, broad-brimmed palm leaf sunhat. The hat is shaped like a wide cone, and it it held on by a drak cloth chin strap. The woman is a farmer or other rural laborer who lives in central Vietnam in what was called...; Format: image/photograph

A farmer is bent at the waist working in a wet-rice field at Mai Chau: A farmer wearing a conical sunhat is bent at the waist working in a ripening wet-rice field at Mai Chau. With one basket strapped at the waist and another larger one nearby, the farmer may be weeding the rice field, or else foraging for edible plants or fish.; Format: image/photograph

A person in a sunhat walks a water buffalo by wet-rice fields in Mai Chau: A person in a sunhat walks a water buffalo by wet-rice fields in Mai Chau. The farmer and young buffalo are walking on earthen dykes constructed both as dry paths and as walls to contain standing water needed by the rice plants during certain stages of their...; Format: image/photograph

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.