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Mouth of the White Oak River: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 3; Figure 1 shows the mouth of the White Oak from Bear Island in Hammocks Beach State Park. The island on the far side of the inlet is Bogue Banks, and the buildings on the horizon at in the town of Emerald Isle. (These two islands are visited in the Large Sand...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Port of Wilmington: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 5; Moving to the south end of Wilmington we come to the ports. Ports and marinas are hard to avoid in estuaries, but large ports are worth a look. The ships visiting Wilmington's port are oceangoing cargo ships that need deep water to navigate. What does this...; By Steve Keith.

On and offshore sand movement: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 4; Figure 1 is a diagram from the author's book entitled The Nature of North Carolina's Southern Coast, published by UNC press in 1997. The figure illustrates how sand is moved on...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

The Lost Colony: Sir Walter Raleigh's brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, attempted an English settlement in North America first. He made landfall in Nova Scotia and sailed down the coast, searching for possible settlement locations. His expedition was met with constant storms...; By William M. Wisser.

“Discoverie of Guiana”: In Sir Walter Raleigh and South America, page 5; Raleigh's 1596 account of his search of El Dorado became a sensation when it was published in England. The book describes Raleigh's motives of treasure hunting and empire building. Some excerpts with annotations are included below.*...; By William M. Wisser.

Dune erosion on Bear Island: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 10; Figure 7 shows that not all of the barrier islands are flattened when hurricanes make landfall over them. This photograph shows the beach and seawardmost dunes of Bear Island after five hurricanes battered them in two years. The remnants of dead maritime thicket...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune erosion on Oak Island (1): In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 11; Shoreface construction on southeastern barrier islands rarely fares well when hurricanes make landfall over them. Figure 8 shows how this generalization played out on Oak Island during Hurricane Floyd. The houses were behind a small primary dune before the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane overwash fan and houses: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 15; Figure 12 shows some of the sand that was washed off the beach on Oak Island by Floyd. As we saw in the photos of Masonboro and Topsail Islands shown in Figures 6 and 7, some of Oak Island's beach sand ended up in an overwash fan landward of the original dune...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Preserving the forest canopy: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 20; Figure 17 shows another house sited in the maritime forest. As with the house shown in Figure 16, its roof extends the shape of the forest canopy. In addition, this one has a driveway that was built without destroying the forest above it. This was another...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Small and large sand volume barrier islands: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 1; Barrier islands are the dominant geographic feature of sandy coastlines, but recurring storm damage on some demonstrates that different barrier islands present very different levels of risk to residential development. One of the best indicators of development...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How is coastal sand formed into barrier islands?: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 2; Coastal sand is organized into barrier islands when three conditions are met: There is a supply of sand sufficient to form islands; sea level is rising; and there are winds and waves with sufficient energy to move the sand around....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Masonboro Island: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 3; The two islands visited on this trip, Masonboro and Topsail, have very low sand volumes. Masonboro Island is a part of the National Research Reserve system and is completely undeveloped. Topsail Island has been developed for residential use and has the roads,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beach and berm: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 4; Figure 2 shows another view of the same rather dull topography of beach and berm. A little life can be seen in the middle background where pioneering sand dune plants have established a precarious roothold. In the left background you can see where sand has...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Mid-tide beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 5; Figure 3 shows the mid-tide beach with evidence of recent accretion of sand to the upper beach. Look closely at the beach profile and you will see that the surface is slightly higher and more covered with shells both above and below the relatively shell-free...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sand lobes: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 6; Figure 4 shows the inland edge of the overwash event first seen in Figure 2. Note the two lobes of sand, one on either side of what is now a peninsula of salt marsh extending seaward from the main marsh area. These sand lobes have covered over and killed the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh grass: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 7; Figure 5 shows an isolated patch of salt marsh grass that was recently covered with overwashed beach sand. Note that the plants seem to be flourishing. This is characteristic of plants that live successfully in areas where sand is regularly added and removed...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Marshes of Masonboro: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 8; Figure 6 shows that most of the marshes on the landward side of Masonboro are doing quite well. They are lush and healthy and extend more than a mile landward of the berm. Note that in this location there are a few patches of maritime shrub plants. These suggest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

North Topsail Beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 9; Figure 7 begins our tour of North Topsail Beach, a developed, low sand volume area of Topsail Island. The photograph shows the same flat topography that we saw on Masonboro, but this time there is a condominium complex right on the berm. The flat dunefield...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Overwash fan on Topsail Beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 10; Figure 8 shows an extensive overwash fan located behind the main road to North Topsail Beach. The sand that forms this feature was brought here during Hurricane Fran. It has increased the elevation of this back beach area, but only as a result of the flattening...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Overwash behind New River Inlet: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 11; Figure 9 shows sand from another overwash event created by Hurricane Fran. This one occurred behind New River Inlet, the inlet at the north end of North Topsail Island. If you look closely you will note that the overwashed area is now higher and drier than...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.