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- How does decreasing salinity affect blackwater rivers?
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 2
- All rivers that reach the sea have ocean water at their seaward ends, and freshwater at their sources. A trip up a river takes you along a gradient of salt concentration from near 3.5 percent (the average salinity, or salt content, of seawater) to zero. There...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Bogue Inlet
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 4
- Figure 2 is a photograph of Bear Island on the south side of Bogue Inlet taken from Bogue Bank, the land that appeared in the distance in figure 1. The dark object in the water is a sand bar formed by sediment that dropped from suspension as flooding tides...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Intertidal sand flat salt marsh plants
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 5
- Figure 3 shows a place where salt marsh plants have just become established on an intertidal sand flat. This is a relatively rare occurrence, because most marshes increase in size as a result of vegetative reproduction in which roots and similar underground...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Sediment salt marshes
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 6
- Figure 4 shows salt marshes growing inside the mouth of Bogue Inlet on sediment that has settled out of flooding tides. Areas of open water separate these marshes, but there is clearly more marsh than open water this close to the inlet. How these plants got...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Salt marsh cord grass & black needle rush plants (1)
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 9
- Figure 7 shows us where the salt marshes are located in this high-salinity section of the White Oak estuary. Marshes develop mostly along the banks of tributary creeks. Here, you see the creek's mouth facing into the main portion of the estuary and the marshes...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Salt marsh cord grass & black needle rush plants (2)
- In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 10
- Figure 8 shows a typical zonation of the two salt marsh plants shown first in figure 7. Note that the salt marsh cord grass is close to the water both in the foreground and background. The black needle rush does not appear in the foreground at all, but occupies...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Cape Fear estuaries: Introduction
- In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 1
- A quiet afternoon on the dock overlooking the Cape Fear estuary, fishing with friends. A gentle breeze clatters the marsh reeds and sends ripples floating across the water. A vision of stability and tranquility. Unfortunately, this vision is entirely misleading....
- By Steve Keith.
- What makes an estuary?
- In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 2
- Estuaries are defined as semi-enclosed bodies of water with intermediate salinities caused by the mixture of fresh and salt waters. That sounds simple enough, but the true qualities of estuaries are found in the interaction between the river and ocean inputs...
- By Steve Keith.
- Salt marsh
- In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 6
- Dropping to earth, we'll visit a salt marsh near Barnard's Creek, a few miles south of Wilmington's center. The dominant plant here is salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Other plants include sea lavender and sea oxeye. The...
- By Steve Keith.
- Wrack line
- In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 8
- Moving over to the east bank of the river, we can follow River Road to the River Road Park, the site of the fishing pier you saw at the start of this tour. The photo here shows a tangled mat of Spartina debris washed ashore by a storm....
- By Steve Keith.
- Tidal creek
- In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 9
- This photo shows conditions just a few yards away from the shoreline. As you can see from the banks of this tidal creek, the tidal range is at least a foot, and the tide is out. Cord grass dominates the central, depressed, area of this photo, and in the background...
- By Steve Keith.
- Federal Point Basin
- In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 10
- A few miles south of Snow's Cut, past Fort Fisher and the ferry to Southport, we come to the Federal Point Basin. The basin is part of the Zeke's Island Estuarine Reserve and is a research area for scientists at the North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher....
- By Steve Keith.
- Dutchman's Creek
- Turning to the western shore, we have one more stop to make before we reach the sea. This photo shows Dutchman's Creek and a series of smaller tidal creeks. Just behind the serpentine creeks is a canal cutting clear across the photo. This canal originates...
- By Steve Keith.
- Twelve rules for arranging your classroom
- In The First Year, page 1.1
- You'll want to set up your classroom as quickly as possible, but consider these factors before you start.
- By Kristi Johnson Smith.
- Dune erosion on Bear Island
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 10
- Figure 7 shows that not all of the barrier islands are flattened when hurricanes make landfall over them. This photograph shows the beach and seawardmost dunes of Bear Island after five hurricanes battered them in two years. The remnants of dead maritime thicket...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Beach and berm
- In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 4
- Figure 2 shows another view of the same rather dull topography of beach and berm. A little life can be seen in the middle background where pioneering sand dune plants have established a precarious roothold. In the left background you can see where sand has...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Salt marsh grass
- In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 7
- Figure 5 shows an isolated patch of salt marsh grass that was recently covered with overwashed beach sand. Note that the plants seem to be flourishing. This is characteristic of plants that live successfully in areas where sand is regularly added and removed...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Marshes of Masonboro
- In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 8
- Figure 6 shows that most of the marshes on the landward side of Masonboro are doing quite well. They are lush and healthy and extend more than a mile landward of the berm. Note that in this location there are a few patches of maritime shrub plants. These suggest...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Small and large sand volume islands
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 1
- This field trip follows another in this series, Small Sand Volume Islands. Readers should plan to take these trips sequentially, to compare the two types of islands. The thesis of both trips is that the volume of sand that comprises...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Protected habitat
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 7
- Figure 6 shows you an example of the protection system discussed on the previous page. The live oak on the left side of this photograph is growing in the lee of the sand dune in the background. This dune actually curves around to the left of the tree as well....
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
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