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Piedmont sands and clays: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 1; North Carolina's landmass has twice been subjected to major bouts of mountain building followed by erosion. The mountain building events have been described in another field trip in this series, the Roan Mountain Highlands. The remnants of the erosion of these...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Why does the Piedmont have so much clay and how is it used?: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 2; North Carolina's Piedmont has so much clay because clay is, quite literally, “common as dirt.” Seventy-five percent of the earth's surface is composed of silica (SiO2) and aluminia (Al2O3), the primary ingredients...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Primary and secondary clays: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 3; The old photograph on the introductory page and Figure 1 show secondary and primary clays being recovered from the earth's crust in North Carolina's Piedmont. Most of the clays used in pottery are secondary, but much brick-making clay and some specialized...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Town Creek Indian Mound: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 5; The Town Creek Indian Mound has been one of the longest and most thoroughly investigated archeological sites in the state. Its owner, L. D. Frutchey, recognized it as a significant Indian construction in the early 1930s and showed the site to the head of the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

The Piedmont's first human inhabitants: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 4; The first human inhabitants of the Piedmont to make use of its clays were the American Indians. People who lived along the banks of the Potomac and Savannah Rivers discovered the seemingly miraculous transformation of mud into stone by heat about 4500 years...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pottery from Town Creek: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 6; Figure 4 shows some examples of pots and pottery fragments found at Town Creek along with artifacts made of stone and shell about 1200 CE. This photograph was made of one of the displays in the Museum at the Town Creek State Historic Site in Montgomery County....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Burial urns: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 7; Figure 5 shows some of the largest pots recovered from the Town Creek site. These are burial urns for infants.; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Colonial restrictions on pottery: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 8; European colonists recognized clay as an important resource in developing their agricultural economy. Surprisingly, the king's governors restricted the manufacture of pottery because the British economic model for the empire (called mercantilism)...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Eighteenth-century pottery (1): In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 9; Figure 7 shows similarly representative examples of jugs and storage jars on the lower levels, and other utilitarian objects and not so utilitarian objects on the shelves above. The lower shelf has a covered jar and milk crock on the left, and a puzzle jug,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Eighteenth-century pottery (2): In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 10; Figure 8 shows a further range of jugs and jars, a churn, and a pitcher. Note that each of these is of slightly different shape and color. Each represents the specific potter and glaze. Potters have individual styles even when repetitively making similar objects...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

White clay and Wedgwood pottery: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 11; Figure 9 shows an example of one of the well-documented cases in which the British colonial economic policy was applied in North Carolina. In 1767, the famous English pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood sent a representative to North Carolina to obtain a...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

From clay to pot: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 12; The remainder of this field trip is devoted to showing what humans must do to convert the clays recovered from the ground as shown in the first two photographs into the objects shown in Figures 3 through 9. We need to begin by describing what happens to native...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Clay drying: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 13; Figure 11 shows the clay drying area of a modern pottery. This area has a cement floor and a roof to keep the clay from being rained on as it dries enough to be ground. Note that the raw clay is full of lumps. These have to be pulverized by grinding and hammering....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Grinding clay: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 14; Figure 12 shows the belt-driven clay grinder, the shovel used to feed the clay into it, and the fine clay dust that coats everything around it. Clay grinding is an unavoidably dusty process but remains an essential part of the process of preparing clay for...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pottery workshop: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 15; Figure 13 shows the pottery workshop located near the grinder — but not too near, or everything would get dusty! On the left you can see the wheels at which the potters will work balls of clay into objects like the pitchers on the tables on the right....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Gas-fired kiln: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 16; Figure 14 shows a modern gas-fired kiln in a year-round pottery. If you look closely inside the opening, you can see the remains of one of the ceramic temperature recorders (pyrometric cones) from a recent firing. The small white object on the fourth shelf...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Wood-fired kiln: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 17; Figure 15 shows another kind of kiln used by Piedmont potters. This wood-fired kiln operates on a cross-draft airflow with a fire at one end creating hot air that flows to a chimney at the other end. In this respect it is similar to the early “groundhog”...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Interior of a kiln: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 18; Figure 16 shows the interior of the kiln shown in Figure 15. The shape of the roof was achieved by building a wooden frame that looked like an upturned boat in the interior to support the firebricks of the roof until the full structure was complete and self-supporting....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Interior of a groundhog kiln: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 19; Figure 17 shows the interior of a groundhog kiln during firing. Note the cherry-red color of the pots as the clay within them fuses together to make them hard and impervious. This is where the magical transformation of mud to stone occurs. This photograph...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Modern art pottery: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 20; Figure 18 shows some examples of the finished product of the potter's art. These amazingly large objects were made by Mark Hewitt and fired in the kiln shown in Figure 15. These pots represent the acme of modern Piedmont art pottery in North Carolina. They...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.