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Red cedar marsh invasion: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 11; Figure 9 is a view of another tributary creek to the White Oak. Here, about 7 miles from the sea, we find that most of the marsh is dominated by black needle rush, with salt marsh cord grass occurring only in a few light-green patches along the water's edge....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh invasion: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 12; Whereas figure 9 seemed to show trees invading a marsh, figure 10 shows salt marsh invading a forest. The Juncos marsh shown here has grown up under the trees of a forest community known as the Estuarine Fringe Loblolly Pine Forest....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Tidal freshwater section of the White Oak (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 14; Figure 12 shows another part of the tidal freshwater section of the White Oak. Here you can see not only red cedars growing close to the river but also a few pines and maples. The presence of the latter species tells us that the water almost never gets salty...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 16; Figure 14 is the bank of the White Oak opposite that shown in figure 13. The swamp forest community shown in the background of figure 13 is growing right to the edge of the water here. Note the large loblolly pines in the right foreground and some bald cypress...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 17; Figure 15 shows a coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community about 100 yards back from the river. This community has a variety of small trees growing under the canopy trees of oak, maple, sweet gum, and pine. If you look closely at the forest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland community: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 19; Figure 17 is a view of a pocosin wetland community like those that comprise the source of the White Oak in Hoffman State Forest about thirty miles inland of Bogue Inlet. Pocosin is a Native American word reputed to mean “swamp on a hill.”...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 6; Dropping to earth, we'll visit a salt marsh near Barnard's Creek, a few miles south of Wilmington's center. The dominant plant here is salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Other plants include sea lavender and sea oxeye. The...; By Steve Keith.

“Discoverie of Guiana”: In Sir Walter Raleigh and South America, page 5; Raleigh's 1596 account of his search of El Dorado became a sensation when it was published in England. The book describes Raleigh's motives of treasure hunting and empire building. Some excerpts with annotations are included below.*...; By William M. Wisser.

Preserving the forest canopy: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 20; Figure 17 shows another house sited in the maritime forest. As with the house shown in Figure 16, its roof extends the shape of the forest canopy. In addition, this one has a driveway that was built without destroying the forest above it. This was another...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Undeveloped sand ridge: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 17; Figure 15 shows an undeveloped sand ridge in the salt marsh behind Topsail Beach. As you can see, these ridges are not much above sea level, but the presence of live oak trees shows that the areas are not flooded frequently. However, there most assuredly are...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Back-barrier salt marsh: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 6; Figure 5 shows the back-barrier salt marsh with a dune crest visible on the right and an area of maritime forest in the left background. This will allow you to confirm your estimate of the height of the dunes and the role these high dunes have in protecting...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Early-stage forest: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 8; Figure 7 shows an earlier and more problematic stage of maritime forest development on Bear Island. Here we see a live oak on which all the seaward branches have been stunted by salt-laden wind off the ocean, leaving only those on the lee side of the trunk...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Fort Macon State Park: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 13; Figure 12 shows the dunefield at Fort Macon State Park on Bogue Banks. This is a typical setting for maritime shrub and forest development. Note the large and well vegetated dunes. These raised mounds of sand are called hummocky dunes — a...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Seaward slope of a dune: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 14; Figure 13 shows the seaward slope of large dunes near the beach in Fort Macon State Park. These dunes are more than 50 feet high and form a relatively continuous barrier that protects areas behind them from salt spray. The seaward dune face shown here is rather...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pine forest and salt marsh: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 11; Other aspects of salt marsh distribution are also indicators of recent sea level rise. The best example is found where salt marsh plants are extending their range into habitats dominated by plants that cannot tolerate frequent exposure to salt water. This...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Defending the shoreline: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 14; Owners of property on both the peninsula and the barrier island are not pleased when rising sea level kills their trees and increases the likelihood that their land and buildings will be flooded during storms. There is a continuing controversy about whether...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune migration: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 6; At the northern border of Nags Head Woods, one can see clear evidence of the migration of Run Hill Dune into and over Nag Head Woods due to the stronger northeast winds. This migration is occurring rapidly enough to bury entire trees within a matter of years...; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

Quick study: Paleoindian Period: A “cheat sheet” covering basic information about the Paleoindian Period and its key characteristics.

Forests and fires: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 1; Americans of different eras have viewed forest fires very differently. Most modern Americans view them as natural disasters. They base this opinion on widely publicized devastating fires that have swept through the brushland areas near Los Angeles and Yellowstone...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How did longleaf pine forests become dependent on fire?: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 2; “Fire-dependent forest” seems like an oxymoron — a combination of apparently contradictory terms put together to produce what seems to be a paradox. For southeastern pine savannas, though, the term fire-dependent defines the dominant...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.