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The White Oak River: Introduction: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 1; One of the interesting things to do during field study of natural areas is to follow an environmental gradient across the landscape. This is particularly rewarding if your gradient extends up a river, as the exploration takes on the aura of a classic “search...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How does decreasing salinity affect blackwater rivers?: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 2; All rivers that reach the sea have ocean water at their seaward ends, and freshwater at their sources. A trip up a river takes you along a gradient of salt concentration from near 3.5 percent (the average salinity, or salt content, of seawater) to zero. There...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Mouth of the White Oak River: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 3; Figure 1 shows the mouth of the White Oak from Bear Island in Hammocks Beach State Park. The island on the far side of the inlet is Bogue Banks, and the buildings on the horizon at in the town of Emerald Isle. (These two islands are visited in the Large Sand...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Bogue Inlet: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 4; Figure 2 is a photograph of Bear Island on the south side of Bogue Inlet taken from Bogue Bank, the land that appeared in the distance in figure 1. The dark object in the water is a sand bar formed by sediment that dropped from suspension as flooding tides...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sediment salt marshes: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 6; Figure 4 shows salt marshes growing inside the mouth of Bogue Inlet on sediment that has settled out of flooding tides. Areas of open water separate these marshes, but there is clearly more marsh than open water this close to the inlet. How these plants got...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

White Oak River estuary: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 8; Figure 6 is a view of the high salinity, open water area of the White Oak River estuary about 4 miles inland of the mouth. Salt marsh still occurs on the estuary floor, but it is clearly much less extensive than closer to the ocean and its sources of sediment....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh cord grass & black needle rush plants (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 9; Figure 7 shows us where the salt marshes are located in this high-salinity section of the White Oak estuary. Marshes develop mostly along the banks of tributary creeks. Here, you see the creek's mouth facing into the main portion of the estuary and the marshes...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Red cedar marsh invasion: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 11; Figure 9 is a view of another tributary creek to the White Oak. Here, about 7 miles from the sea, we find that most of the marsh is dominated by black needle rush, with salt marsh cord grass occurring only in a few light-green patches along the water's edge....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh cord grass & black needle rush plants (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 10; Figure 8 shows a typical zonation of the two salt marsh plants shown first in figure 7. Note that the salt marsh cord grass is close to the water both in the foreground and background. The black needle rush does not appear in the foreground at all, but occupies...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Tidal freshwater section of the White Oak (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 13; Figure 11 is a view of a marsh about 10 miles upriver from the ocean. Here you see black needle rush along the water's edge along with a new plant, the freshwater sawgrass (cladium jamaicense) growing landward of it. In the background,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Tidal freshwater section of the White Oak (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 14; Figure 12 shows another part of the tidal freshwater section of the White Oak. Here you can see not only red cedars growing close to the river but also a few pines and maples. The presence of the latter species tells us that the water almost never gets salty...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 15; Figure 13 is a view of a tidal freshwater section of the river where freshwater marsh dominated by sawgrass fronts a typical blackwater swamp forest. This is about 12 miles from the sea and does not get salt water very often at all. The log in the foreground...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 16; Figure 14 is the bank of the White Oak opposite that shown in figure 13. The swamp forest community shown in the background of figure 13 is growing right to the edge of the water here. Note the large loblolly pines in the right foreground and some bald cypress...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 17; Figure 15 shows a coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community about 100 yards back from the river. This community has a variety of small trees growing under the canopy trees of oak, maple, sweet gum, and pine. If you look closely at the forest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland community: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 19; Figure 17 is a view of a pocosin wetland community like those that comprise the source of the White Oak in Hoffman State Forest about thirty miles inland of Bogue Inlet. Pocosin is a Native American word reputed to mean “swamp on a hill.”...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Cape Fear estuaries: Introduction: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 1; A quiet afternoon on the dock overlooking the Cape Fear estuary, fishing with friends. A gentle breeze clatters the marsh reeds and sends ripples floating across the water. A vision of stability and tranquility. Unfortunately, this vision is entirely misleading....; By Steve Keith.

What makes an estuary?: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 2; Estuaries are defined as semi-enclosed bodies of water with intermediate salinities caused by the mixture of fresh and salt waters. That sounds simple enough, but the true qualities of estuaries are found in the interaction between the river and ocean inputs...; By Steve Keith.

Conjunction of the Cape Fear River and the Northeast Cape Fear River: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 4; The town of Wilmington is located at the junction of the Northeast Cape Fear and Cape Fear rivers. In this photo the Cape Fear River is entering from the bottom. The water in the Cape Fear River is just turning salty as it reaches Wilmington, the zero salinity...; By Steve Keith.

Port of Wilmington: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 5; Moving to the south end of Wilmington we come to the ports. Ports and marinas are hard to avoid in estuaries, but large ports are worth a look. The ships visiting Wilmington's port are oceangoing cargo ships that need deep water to navigate. What does this...; By Steve Keith.

Allen Creek: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 7; Moving south and to the opposite bank of the river, we come across Allen Creek. This side of the river is much less accessible, and wide expanses of marsh and swamp remain. Note the distinct tree line indicating a rather homogeneous change in elevation. In...; By Steve Keith.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.