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The White Oak River: Introduction: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 1; One of the interesting things to do during field study of natural areas is to follow an environmental gradient across the landscape. This is particularly rewarding if your gradient extends up a river, as the exploration takes on the aura of a classic “search...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How does decreasing salinity affect blackwater rivers?: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 2; All rivers that reach the sea have ocean water at their seaward ends, and freshwater at their sources. A trip up a river takes you along a gradient of salt concentration from near 3.5 percent (the average salinity, or salt content, of seawater) to zero. There...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland community: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 19; Figure 17 is a view of a pocosin wetland community like those that comprise the source of the White Oak in Hoffman State Forest about thirty miles inland of Bogue Inlet. Pocosin is a Native American word reputed to mean “swamp on a hill.”...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Small and large sand volume barrier islands: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 1; Barrier islands are the dominant geographic feature of sandy coastlines, but recurring storm damage on some demonstrates that different barrier islands present very different levels of risk to residential development. One of the best indicators of development...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

What causes sea level change, and why is it rising now?: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 2; North Carolina's coastal zone preserves evidence of both the current rise in sea level and the long decline that preceded it (see the Coastal Wetlands field trip included in this series). Evidence of declining sea level is found in the series of old shorelines...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How did longleaf pine forests become dependent on fire?: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 2; “Fire-dependent forest” seems like an oxymoron — a combination of apparently contradictory terms put together to produce what seems to be a paradox. For southeastern pine savannas, though, the term fire-dependent defines the dominant...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 13; Figure 12 shows an area where the longleaf pine forest meets, and grades into, a pocosin wetland. Pocosins are unusual wetlands because they are generally higher than their surroundings. Native Americans recognized this and called these communities “swamps...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin community: In Forests and fires: The longleaf pine savanna, page 17; We cannot close this field trip to Camp Lejeune without taking you quickly to some of the other rare plant communities that are found there. Camp Lejeune is recognized by biologists as globally significant for its populations of rare plants and animals (Figures...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

A land of many wetlands: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 1; Eastern North Carolina is a land of many wetlands. More than forty different types have been identified by botanists with the state's Natural Heritage Program. Geographically, this wetland heritage was achieved in the most straightforward way: all of the land...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

What is a wetland, and why do we have so many types?: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 2; The legal definition of a wetland has become controversial as wetlands have gained a measure of protection from uncontrolled ditching and draining. This protection has been accorded them as their role in sustaining high water quality and wildlife habitat has...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Longleaf pine savanna: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 3; We begin with the longleaf pine savanna. We start with this habitat not only because longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) is the official state tree, but also because these habitats are simply beautiful to behold. These communities evolved...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sandhill scrub: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 5; The field trip continues with a visit to one of the few permanently dry habitats on the coastal plain. The home of the desert-like sandhill scrub community shown in Figure 4. These communities are found on the crest of old shoreline ridges. To reach them we...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 6; Our next two stops on this wetland tour will complete our visits to upland sites. You should consider yourself blessed that you can visit pocosins and pond pine woodlands by virtual means because they both are characterized by thick vegetation, wet and slippery...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Cypress-gum swamp community: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 13; When we talk about cypress-gum swamps, we talk mostly about the two dominant trees because often they make up almost all of the plants that live in the community. Most commonly the understory and herb layers of this community are poorly developed because of...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Estuaries in North Carolina: A primer: Estuaries are places near the coast where freshwater and saltwater mix. Influenced by ocean forces yet partly sheltered from them, estuaries have unique and fascinating ecologies. This article explains what estuaries are, their geology and role in the larger...; By Waverly Harrell and Jennifer Godwin-Wyer.

Wetland bogs: In Jocassee Gorges: Temperate rain forests of the Blue Ridge, page 8; The waterfalls may be the most spectacular features of this forested region, but unusual plant communities also flourish in the rain forest climate. By starting near the top of a gorge and working our way down to the waterfalls, we can see a range of such...; By Dirk Frankenberg and Stephanie Walters.

Pocosin wetland; source of the White Oak thirty miles inland: Format: image/photograph

Pocosin Wetland: Format: image/photograph

Pocosin Wetland(Pocosin Wetland and Pond Pine Woodland): Format: image/photograph

Clay to Pot Transformation: Format: image/photograph

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.