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“Discoverie of Guiana”: In Sir Walter Raleigh and South America, page 5; Raleigh's 1596 account of his search of El Dorado became a sensation when it was published in England. The book describes Raleigh's motives of treasure hunting and empire building. Some excerpts with annotations are included below.*...; By William M. Wisser.

Irrigating the fields: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 4; Wet-rice farming requires that plants stand in water during early stages of their growth. The water then must be drained away before the rice fully ripens for harvesting. Bamboo wheels such as the one shown here aid this process of water management in places...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Working in the fields: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 5; Both men and women work in the wet-rice fields. Rural women living in highland Southeast Asia typically scale high mountains and do hard outdoor physical labor, which keeps them physically fit and strong. With one basket strapped at the waist and another larger...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Fertile soils: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 2; This view from an airplane shows where the Mekong River joins Tonlé Sap Lake near Siem Reap in Cambodia. The waterways of the Mekong are the region's primary conduit for local trade and transportation. The Mekong River flows approximately 2,800 miles from...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Wet rice in the highlands: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 3; This photograph, and most of the photos that follow, was taken in Mai Chau, in the highlands of northwestern Vietnam. In most of Southeast Asia, the highlands are too dry or steep to construct the standing water pools required to nourish wet rice. Therefore,...; By Lorraine Aragon.

From field to bowl: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 11; Harvested rice grains generally are stored in their husks until needed for food. At that time, the husks must be removed either in large stone or wood mortars with pestles wielded by farmers, or by the kind of mechanical threshing machine seen here. Such machines...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Winnowing by hand: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 12; Winnowing trays are round and generally plaited from bamboo strands woven tightly onto a rattan frame. In rural villages, they are made at home by members of every household along with most of their other farming and household tools. Rice grains that have...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Ducks and rice: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 10; In many parts of Southeast Asia, farmers raise ducks and farm wet-rice fields in a mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, relationship. Duck droppings fertilize the water in which the rice grows. Ducks also eat the algae and other weeds that grow near the young...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Working with animals: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 7; In addition to providing labor, water buffalo also sometimes are eaten at major community feasts. Traditionally, buffalo were a major source of wealth for Southeast Asian families. They still are favored in highland wet-rice areas where neither humans not...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Caring for children: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 20; Throughout Southeast Asia, but especially in highland farming areas, children of both sexes are considered precious and vulnerable. Adults and teens of both sexes and all ages generally enjoy caring for young children. They find it an amusing and relaxing...; By Lorraine Aragon.

A highland farmhouse: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 14; The farm house shown here, located by a canal at Dong Ha, has a thatch and corrugated metal roof. Corrugated metal roofs are popular among some farmers in Southeast Asia because they are long lasting and fire resistant. They are, however, hotter, noisier,...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Living in the field: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 17; Highland families may use these small houses on a permanent basis, especially if they are near permanent wet-rice fields. Yet the houses sometimes are moved or abandoned when families cultivate other fields during different years or seasons. The canal running...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Women working: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 21; The bright green rice plants in the field are still young and unripe. Note, again, the power lines running in the background.; By Lorraine Aragon.

Protection from the sun: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 6; Rural women, men, and children throughout Southeast Asia commonly weave their own hats, sleeping mats, and baskets from a variety of palm leaf, bamboo, and rattan fibers. Mountain groups or highlanders are less involved in the national cash economy (often...; By Lorraine Aragon.

What is a wetland, and why do we have so many types?: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 2; The legal definition of a wetland has become controversial as wetlands have gained a measure of protection from uncontrolled ditching and draining. This protection has been accorded them as their role in sustaining high water quality and wildlife habitat has...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Live-at-Home in North Carolina: In this lesson students will examine pictures and documents relating to the Live at Home program started in North Carolina by Governor O. Max Gardner to help North Carolina farmers refocus on food crops rather than cash crops during the Depression. These photographs, from the Green 'N' Growing collection at the North Carolina State University, will help students draw conclusions about the culture of North Carolina in the early 1930s and understand how they overcame the hardships of the Depression.; Format: article (grade 8 Social Studies); By Loretta Wilson.

When you don't have all the answers: Linda Dow suggests freeing yourself from the necessity to be the eternal expert and descibes techniques for sharing the responsibility for learning and teaching alongside your students.; By Linda Dow.

Fundamental concepts: Introduction: In Intrigue of the Past, page 1.1; British archaeologist Stuart Piggott once called archaeology “the science of rubbish.” There is truth to his statement. Archaeologists spend lifetimes investigating the abandoned remains of ancient societies.

Cutting grass in Delhi, India: Two men drive a cow with a grass-cutting device yoked to it. The cow is white and has a small hump just behind its shoulders, around which the machine is yoked. There is another man walking along beside the cow. In the background there are several bushes and...; Format: image/photograph

The rise of Populism: In North Carolina in the New South, page 7.1; American farmers faced new economic difficulties after the Civil War. In response, they organized to promote cooperation and to defend their interests politically. In the 1890s, they joined with labor unions to create the People's (or Populist) Party.; Format: article

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