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- Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development
- A Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” that examines the sand sharing system of sedimentary coastlines and the impact of hurricanes on those coastlines and on human development.
- Format: slideshow (multiple pages)
- Houses set back from the shoreline
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 13
- Figure 10 shows another view of the Oak Island beach after Floyd. The beach here looks much like it did before the hurricane. The only real evidence of damage is the modest cliff formed at the front of the dunefield. There is no evidence of damage to shorefront...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Measuring the waters
- This lesson plan uses an excerpt from an oral history about measuring flood waters during Hurricane Floyd to teach students about the many ways measurements can be taken. Students are given an opportunity to practice measuring with a variety of tools and evaluate their effectiveness.
- Format: lesson plan (multiple pages)
- Figure Eight Island
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 17
- We now turn our attention to Figure Eight Island, a privately owned island about 25 miles north of Oak Island and Hurricane Floyd's landfall. Although Figure Eight Island was not the site of hurricane landfall in 1999, it was in the sector of Hurricane Floyd...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Hurricane storm surges in North Carolina
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 6
- Figure 3 shows the bottom of the exhibit shown in Figure 2 and provides data on recent hurricanes in North Carolina. Those shown are four of the storms of the 1990s but do not include Dennis and Floyd in 1999, both of which occurred just weeks before the...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Hurricane Floyd overwash
- In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 12
- Figure 10 shows the result of an overwash event from Hurricane Floyd in 1999. The pile of vegetation and road tar in the right foreground is evidence of the destruction of a previously existing dune and parking area. In the middle distance we can see the beach...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Overwash fan on Masonboro Island
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 8
- Figure 5 shows you some of the sand that was washed landward on Masonboro Island by hurricanes Dennis and Floyd. It was washed into and over the salt marsh, forming what geologists call an overwash fan. This structure forms like a river delta, in that water...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Masonboro Island after Hurricane Floyd
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 7
- Figure 4 shows what a low sand volume barrier island looks like after a hurricane. If you are thinking that it looks flat, you are absolutely correct! It is flat. That is what happens when a 7- to 12-foot storm surge with 8- to 10-foot waves on top of it floods...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- A survivor's story: How does it really feel?
- Students use oral history excerpts of a Hurricane Floyd survivor to explore the concept of contradiction or irony.
- Format: lesson plan (multiple pages)
- Eyewitness to the flood
- In this lesson, students will listen to oral history excerpts from Hurricane Floyd survivors and contrast their experiences with the experiences of the characters in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God.
- Format: lesson plan (multiple pages)
- Hurricane overwash fan and houses
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 15
- Figure 12 shows some of the sand that was washed off the beach on Oak Island by Floyd. As we saw in the photos of Masonboro and Topsail Islands shown in Figures 6 and 7, some of Oak Island's beach sand ended up in an overwash fan landward of the original dune...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Dune erosion on Oak Island (2)
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 12
- Figure 9 shows another set of oceanfront houses after Hurricane Floyd's landfall. This dune, too, has been flattened, leaving some houses standing on the beach and some not standing at all. Note, however, that the beach under the house in the foreground is...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Bear Island dunes (2)
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 5
- Figure 4 shows the crests of dunes on the landward side of Bear Island and the back-barrier salt marsh stretching toward the mainland. By estimating the distance from the dune crests to the salt marsh surface, we can see that the dunes are tall, and once again...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Dune erosion on Oak Island (1)
- In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 11
- Shoreface construction on southeastern barrier islands rarely fares well when hurricanes make landfall over them. Figure 8 shows how this generalization played out on Oak Island during Hurricane Floyd. The houses were behind a small primary dune before the...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Beachfront mansion
- In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 15
- Figure 13 shows a recently built beachfront mansion on the even more recently flattened topography of North Topsail. Note the tilted beach access steps indicative of damage from Hurricanes Dennis and/or Floyd in 1999. Note also the corner iron for the lot...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks
- This Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” explores the nature and structure of barrier islands with small sand volume, on which built structures are highly susceptible to damage from hurricanes.
- Format: slideshow (multiple pages)
- Hurricane Floyd - satellite image

- False-color satellite image of Hurricane Floyd, Sept. 14, 1999.
- Format: image/photograph
- Dunes nearer the ocean
- In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 9
- Figure 8 shows the Bear Island dunefield nearer the ocean than those shown in previous photographs and also closer to the inlet that separates Bear Island from Bogue Banks. Bogue Banks, our next stop on this field trip, is a developed barrier island, as you...
- By Dirk Frankenberg.
- Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks
- This Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” explores the nature and structure of barrier islands with large sand volume, on which built structures are relatively well insulated from hurricane damage.
- Format: slideshow (multiple pages)
- Damage from Hurricane Floyd

- Damage from Hurricane Floyd to Oak Island, North Carolina, 1999.
- Format: image/photograph