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K–12 teaching and learning · from the UNC School of Education

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Hanuman enlists his relatives
In The Ramayana, page 3.3
Seven differently colored monkeys sit on the ground with three of their crowned monkey kings in this detail from a mural at the Emerald Buddha Temple. The monkeys are painted in shades of blue, purple, green, brown, and black. Their three kings wearing tall...
By Lorraine Aragon.
The Ramayana
The Hindu epic The Ramayana is retold through the mural, painting, and dance of Southeast Asia.
Format: book (multiple pages)
A bridge of stone
In The Ramayana, page 4.8
A carved stone stele at Prambanan Temple shows monkeys helping Rama by bringing stones for the bridge he wants to build to Ravana's demon island of Lanka. Realistically portrayed, the naked monkeys in this carved bas relief walk together in line carrying rounded...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Serpents attack Rama's troops
In The Ramayana, page 5.9
Rama's monkey allies struggle but many lay strewn on the ground, tangled in snakes. Towards the top left corner, the green-skinned Rama sits beside Laksman who is lying bound by a serpent.
By Lorraine Aragon.
An underground demon
In The Ramayana, page 4.14
This dark and fierce demon, whose top half is seen as if from above, has small tusks and curly hair. He is wearing a gold headdress and arm bands as he pushes the crust of the earth upward. The image is from a mural in the Emerald Buddha Temple.
By Lorraine Aragon.
Hanuman tries to stop the sun
In The Ramayana, page 5.3
A two-faced and eight-armed Hanuman is flying out of the clouds to grab the outer rings of a gold, red, and green sun. The sun is shown here as a nested set of colored concentric circles. A mountain and forest scene is visible below.
By Lorraine Aragon.
Laksman is wounded
In The Ramayana, page 5.2
In this scene, the mortally wounded Laksman lies on his side near boulders in the forest. Rama sits close beside him while the monkey kings and courtiers gather in front of them in a semi-circle. The poison spear now rests on the ground as it has been pulled...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Hanuman crushes Ravana's soul container
In The Ramayana, page 6.8
Balancing on his right leg, Hanuman grips the wooden cylinder with both hands and his left foot. Hanuman's face looks to the right side of the frame with his mouth wide open in triumph. Hanuman is dressed in gold pants and jewelry with a red waistband, whose...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Monkey allies of Rama sit together on the ground (Thai Ramayana mural)
Monkey allies of Rama sit together on the ground (Thai Ramayana mural)
Seven differently colored monkeys sit on the ground with three of their crowned monkey kings in this detail from a mural at the Emerald Buddha Temple. The monkeys are painted in shades of blue, purple, green, brown, and black. Their three kings wearing tall...
Format: image/photograph
Monkey kings and allies run through forest (Thai Ramayana mural)
Monkey kings and allies run through forest (Thai Ramayana mural)
Red and green monkey kings and their multi-colored followers run through the forest during their mission to aid Rama. Like human kings, the royal monkeys wear gold Siamese clothes and jewelry. The figures' most primate-like characteristic is their matching...
Format: image/photograph
Hanuman tricks a demon guard
In The Ramayana, page 3.4
On the Ramayana mural at the Emerald Buddha Temple, a detail shows the monkey god Hanuman entering a demon guardian's mouth as he attempts to cross the sea to Lanka. The demon is ornamented on the mural with gold leaf paint.
By Lorraine Aragon.
Rama's jealousy
In The Ramayana, page 7.1
A stone stele at Prambanan Temple shows Sita sitting and talking with a monkey. Realistically portrayed, the monkey at left in this carved bas relief sits cross-legged and gestures his hands forward with the palms turned up. Sita also sits cross-legged facing...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Hanuman searches for herbal medicines
In The Ramayana, page 5.4
A giant white Hanuman scales a mountain about double his height to find medicinal herbs for Laksman. Hanuman's arms are stretched upward and he wears golden clothes and ornaments. Hanuman's smaller monkey troops follow behind him, running on the ground and...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Sugriva the red monkey king
In The Ramayana, page 4.16
In this mural scene from the Emerald Buddha Tempple, Sugriva lifts the top of the colorful umbrella with his left hand while attacking the demons inside with a sword held high in his right hand. Several tiny demons are falling head first over the sides from...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Quenching the demon's fire
In The Ramayana, page 3.13
In this mural scene painted at the Emerald Buddha Temple, a wise hermit tells Hanuman how to quench the fire on his tail. Hanuman kneels on a red tiled floor holding up his tail in distress. A bearded hermit listens, dressed in golden clothes as he sits in...
By Lorraine Aragon.
The battle continues
In The Ramayana, page 3.8
This detail of a mural at the Emerald Buddha Temple, where Hanuman descends lithely down poles beside a circular well to seize the guards, shows how the powerful and clever monkey god can single-handedly defeat the hapless demons who defend Ravana's palace....
By Lorraine Aragon.
Hanuman is rewarded
In The Ramayana, page 6.15
Late at night, Rama sits on an outdoor palace platform with his brother Laksman perching nearby to look over the scene. Hanuman kneels below Rama with clasped hands. The allied monkey kings sit at Hanuman's side inside a walled palace fence. The clothes and...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Hanuman meets Rama
In The Ramayana, page 3.2
The monkey god Hanuman climbing in a tree recognizes Rama and Laksman resting below, as seen on a mural at the Emerald Buddha Temple. In this scene, Hanuman looks just like a small white monkey, wearing a loincloth and no crown. Rama and Laksman wear golden...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Rama calls to Garuda for aid
In The Ramayana, page 5.10
As Rama's monkey troops lie struggling on the ground with serpents at left, Rama stands on one foot and gracefully releases an arrow signal into the sky. The arrow calls his ally, the Garuda King, a bird deity seen in the upper right above a scenic forest...
By Lorraine Aragon.
Ravana sets Hanuman on fire
In The Ramayana, page 3.10
In this mural detail at the Emerald Buddha Temple, Ravana dressed in royal Siamese apparel descends the stairs of his palace thrusting a fiery torch towards Hanuman. Hanuman sits on the tile floor at left, confined and bound with oil-soaked cotton rope. Another...
By Lorraine Aragon.