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Sediment salt marshes: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 6; Figure 4 shows salt marshes growing inside the mouth of Bogue Inlet on sediment that has settled out of flooding tides. Areas of open water separate these marshes, but there is clearly more marsh than open water this close to the inlet. How these plants got...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Extensive salt marsh: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 7; Figure 5 is a view looking towards the mainland from the high dunes on Bear Island. It shows the extensive salt marsh that has developed on intertidal sands and mud west of Bogue Inlet. These are the marshes you could see in the right-hand background of figure...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect: A “virtual field trip” up the White Oak River in southeastern North Carolina, with discussion of how local ecology changes along the way due to decreasing salinity.; Format: slideshow (multiple pages)

Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes: A Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” that examines the causes and effects of changes in sea level, both short-term (as a result of storms) and long-term (as a result of climate change).; Format: slideshow (multiple pages)

Salt marshes: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 15; The single most important ecological feature of salt marshes along coastal rivers is their immersion/exposure cycle. The lower the marsh, the longer the surface is immersed in tidal waters. Low marshes in North Carolina are dominated by smooth cordgrass (; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh cord grass & black needle rush plants (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 9; Figure 7 shows us where the salt marshes are located in this high-salinity section of the White Oak estuary. Marshes develop mostly along the banks of tributary creeks. Here, you see the creek's mouth facing into the main portion of the estuary and the marshes...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Intertidal sand flat salt marsh plants: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 5; Figure 3 shows a place where salt marsh plants have just become established on an intertidal sand flat. This is a relatively rare occurrence, because most marshes increase in size as a result of vegetative reproduction in which roots and similar underground...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How does decreasing salinity affect blackwater rivers?: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 2; All rivers that reach the sea have ocean water at their seaward ends, and freshwater at their sources. A trip up a river takes you along a gradient of salt concentration from near 3.5 percent (the average salinity, or salt content, of seawater) to zero. There...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

From freshwater to salt marsh: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 14; Our boat drifts slowly downstream past swamp forests and freshwater marshes. (My boat of choice for this part of the trip has no motor because I am in no hurry to get past the wildflowers, birds, and abundant wildlife that decorate the lower extremities of...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks: This Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” explores the nature and structure of barrier islands with small sand volume, on which built structures are highly susceptible to damage from hurricanes.; Format: slideshow (multiple pages)

Marshes of Masonboro: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 8; Figure 6 shows that most of the marshes on the landward side of Masonboro are doing quite well. They are lush and healthy and extend more than a mile landward of the berm. Note that in this location there are a few patches of maritime shrub plants. These suggest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

White Oak River estuary: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 8; Figure 6 is a view of the high salinity, open water area of the White Oak River estuary about 4 miles inland of the mouth. Salt marsh still occurs on the estuary floor, but it is clearly much less extensive than closer to the ocean and its sources of sediment....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Developing salt marsh: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 12; In case you were doubtful that salt marshes can really invade and take over forested areas, I have included Figure 11 to lay these doubts to rest. In this photograph you will see a developing salt marsh with the trunks and roots of the preexisting forest still...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Maritime forest: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 13; Pine forests are not the only type of forest that salt marshes can invade during periods of rising sea level. Figure 12 shows a salt marsh in an area between beach ridges on Bogue Banks extending laterally into a maritime forest of live oaks and other hardwoods....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Wetlands of the coastal plains: This Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” explores the various wetlands of North Carolina's coastal plain and the plant communities found there.; Format: slideshow (multiple pages)

Salt Marshes: Format: image/photograph

Subtidal seafloor: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 9; Salt marshes do well in irregularly flooded areas, but rising sea level continuously converts these areas into regularly flooded habitats and then into a new seafloor. Some marsh plants, especially smooth cordgrass, can tolerate the first of these conversions,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 15; Figure 13 is a view of a tidal freshwater section of the river where freshwater marsh dominated by sawgrass fronts a typical blackwater swamp forest. This is about 12 miles from the sea and does not get salt water very often at all. The log in the foreground...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

National Estuarine Research Reserve Systems - The Rachel Carson Component: Located in one of North Carolina's fastest growing areas, the Rachel Carson site is a center of marine research and education. The reserve is a diverse and productive estuarine system for birds, mammals, and fish.; Format: article/field trip opportunity

Freshwater marsh with salt marsh fringe at low salinity area: Format: image/photograph

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.