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Closer view of an ancient shoreline: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 3; In Figure 2 we can see the vertical extent of the ridge shown in Figure 1. This is a sand pit dug into the Swansboro Ridge near Bear Island. As you can see, the ridge rises more than 40 feet from the water table (the pond in the lower left background) to the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Salt marsh grass: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 7; Figure 5 shows an isolated patch of salt marsh grass that was recently covered with overwashed beach sand. Note that the plants seem to be flourishing. This is characteristic of plants that live successfully in areas where sand is regularly added and removed...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune grasses: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 18; There are things people can do to retain or increase sand volume on barrier islands. One of these is to plant dune grasses like those in Figure 17. Not only do such plantings stabilize the sand that already exists by reducing the ability of wind to move it...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Overwash fan on Masonboro Island: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 8; Figure 5 shows you some of the sand that was washed landward on Masonboro Island by hurricanes Dennis and Floyd. It was washed into and over the salt marsh, forming what geologists call an overwash fan. This structure forms like a river delta, in that water...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune erosion on Oak Island (1): In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 11; Shoreface construction on southeastern barrier islands rarely fares well when hurricanes make landfall over them. Figure 8 shows how this generalization played out on Oak Island during Hurricane Floyd. The houses were behind a small primary dune before the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Another overwash fan: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 13; Figure 11 shows the last overwash fan on this trip, I promise. This one destroyed the dune over which this walkway was built and moved the sand landward to cover the walkway deck in the background. If you look closely you will see a change in color on the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Bogue Inlet: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 10; Figure 9 shows the Bear Island beach near Bogue Inlet. This area appears as a white band in the right middle distance in Figure 8. Note the almost continuous maritime grassland in the foreground and bare sand stretching back into the salt marsh on the shore...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

On and offshore sand movement: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 4; Figure 1 is a diagram from the author's book entitled The Nature of North Carolina's Southern Coast, published by UNC press in 1997. The figure illustrates how sand is moved on...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beachfront dune: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 12; Figure 11 shows a close up view of the largest beachfront dune in Figure 10 (the steep fronted one in the left background of that photograph). In this close-up view you can see that this dune is already starting to be restored by sand collecting at its base....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sand lobes: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 6; Figure 4 shows the inland edge of the overwash event first seen in Figure 2. Note the two lobes of sand, one on either side of what is now a peninsula of salt marsh extending seaward from the main marsh area. These sand lobes have covered over and killed the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Small and large sand volume barrier islands: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 1; Barrier islands are the dominant geographic feature of sandy coastlines, but recurring storm damage on some demonstrates that different barrier islands present very different levels of risk to residential development. One of the best indicators of development...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dune erosion on Bear Island: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 10; Figure 7 shows that not all of the barrier islands are flattened when hurricanes make landfall over them. This photograph shows the beach and seawardmost dunes of Bear Island after five hurricanes battered them in two years. The remnants of dead maritime thicket...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Bear Island dunes (1): In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 4; We will begin our trip by visiting Bear Island, the undeveloped island of the pair of large sand volume barrier islands. Figure 3 shows the high volume sand dunes on Bear Island. These dunes are about 50 feet high and cover an area about 5 miles long and one-half...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

How is coastal sand formed into barrier islands?: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 2; Coastal sand is organized into barrier islands when three conditions are met: There is a supply of sand sufficient to form islands; sea level is rising; and there are winds and waves with sufficient energy to move the sand around....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane overwash fan and houses: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 15; Figure 12 shows some of the sand that was washed off the beach on Oak Island by Floyd. As we saw in the photos of Masonboro and Topsail Islands shown in Figures 6 and 7, some of Oak Island's beach sand ended up in an overwash fan landward of the original dune...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Piedmont sands and clays: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 1; North Carolina's landmass has twice been subjected to major bouts of mountain building followed by erosion. The mountain building events have been described in another field trip in this series, the Roan Mountain Highlands. The remnants of the erosion of these...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks: This Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” explores the nature and structure of barrier islands with small sand volume, on which built structures are highly susceptible to damage from hurricanes.; Format: slideshow (multiple pages)

Beach accretion: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 16; Figure 13 shows some more of the sand that was eroded off the Oak Island beach by Hurricane Floyd. It is a little hard to see, but if you look at the base of the stairs leading down from the deck of this house, you will see that sand covers at least the two...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Mid-tide beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 5; Figure 3 shows the mid-tide beach with evidence of recent accretion of sand to the upper beach. Look closely at the beach profile and you will see that the surface is slightly higher and more covered with shells both above and below the relatively shell-free...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

North Topsail Beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 9; Figure 7 begins our tour of North Topsail Beach, a developed, low sand volume area of Topsail Island. The photograph shows the same flat topography that we saw on Masonboro, but this time there is a condominium complex right on the berm. The flat dunefield...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.