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The “knees” of cypress: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 11; The other major adaptations of cypress and gums to flooded soils is their characteristic root extensions called “knees” shown in Figures 10 and 11. These structures are gas exchange systems within which oxygen from the air is conducted along the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Developing salt marsh: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 12; In case you were doubtful that salt marshes can really invade and take over forested areas, I have included Figure 11 to lay these doubts to rest. In this photograph you will see a developing salt marsh with the trunks and roots of the preexisting forest still...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Cypress-gum swamp: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 10; As we cruise downstream along our virtual river, we will find places where the river bank is inundated almost all of the time. These habitats support swamp forests dominated by trees adapted to living in flooded soil. The most common type of these forests...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

What causes the great biological diversity of the Blue Ridge?: In Elevations and forest types along the Blue Ridge Parkway, page 2; Although the distribution of forest types in the Blue Ridge is best explained by the relationship between elevation and temperature, the great diversity of these forests is not. To understand the underlying causes of this diversity requires some knowledge...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

An exposed bald: In Elevations and forest types along the Blue Ridge Parkway, page 9; Figure 8 shows a maximally exposed site near the top of Craggy Garden Pinnacle at 5500 feet. Note the exposed rock with pioneer plants growing on the thin soils that have collected in depressions, and the grasses and heath shrubs in the more heavily vegetated...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Life in a sea port: In Northern and coastal Vietnam: Waterway settlements and Chinese influences, page 8; Hoi An is a fishing village that has been a stop on the merchant ship trade route since at least the 1700s. Coastal ports throughout Southeast Asia developed starting in the first millennium A.D. as maritime trade routes expanded between China and India. The...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Savvy soil: The students will compare and contrast the physical characteristics of three soils: clay, humus, and sand. They will create double bubble maps and list poems about the soils.; Format: lesson plan (grade 3 Science); By Karen Smith.

Fertile soils: In Rice farming and rural life in Vietnam, page 2; This view from an airplane shows where the Mekong River joins Tonlé Sap Lake near Siem Reap in Cambodia. The waterways of the Mekong are the region's primary conduit for local trade and transportation. The Mekong River flows approximately 2,800 miles from...; By Lorraine Aragon.

River trade: In Contemporary life in Vietnam, page 14; This boat is docked along the Mekong River near Mytho. Such boats, propelled by outboard motors mounted on the back, are typical, medium-sized river and coastal island ferry boats in Southeast Asia. The waterways of the Mekong are the region's primary conduit...; By Lorraine Aragon.

Pocosin: Pocosin is a type of wetland with evergreen trees and low shrub vegetation growing in peat or sandy soils. Sometimes called shrub bogs, pocosins are typically found in the Atlantic coastal plain in poorly drained uplands between streams and floodplains. Pocosin...; Format: image/photograph

Subtidal seafloor: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 9; Salt marshes do well in irregularly flooded areas, but rising sea level continuously converts these areas into regularly flooded habitats and then into a new seafloor. Some marsh plants, especially smooth cordgrass, can tolerate the first of these conversions,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Cypress-gum swamp community: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 13; When we talk about cypress-gum swamps, we talk mostly about the two dominant trees because often they make up almost all of the plants that live in the community. Most commonly the understory and herb layers of this community are poorly developed because of...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland community: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 19; Figure 17 is a view of a pocosin wetland community like those that comprise the source of the White Oak in Hoffman State Forest about thirty miles inland of Bogue Inlet. Pocosin is a Native American word reputed to mean “swamp on a hill.”...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sandhill scrub: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 5; The field trip continues with a visit to one of the few permanently dry habitats on the coastal plain. The home of the desert-like sandhill scrub community shown in Figure 4. These communities are found on the crest of old shoreline ridges. To reach them we...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Piedmont sands and clays: In Clays of the Piedmont: Origins, recovery, and use, page 1; North Carolina's landmass has twice been subjected to major bouts of mountain building followed by erosion. The mountain building events have been described in another field trip in this series, the Roan Mountain Highlands. The remnants of the erosion of these...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Archaeological soils: In Intrigue of the Past, page 2.11; Students will determine components of a soil sample and evaluate how archaeologists use soils to interpret sites.; Format: lesson plan (grade 8 Science)

Adaptation to frequent fires: In Wetlands of the coastal plains, page 4; In addition to fire-resistant bark, longleaf pines have a number of other adaptations to their frequent-fire habitat other than their fire resistant bark. For example, their seedlings have a growth cycle that helps them escape fires. After seeds are shed from...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Wrack line: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 8; Moving over to the east bank of the river, we can follow River Road to the River Road Park, the site of the fishing pier you saw at the start of this tour. The photo here shows a tangled mat of Spartina debris washed ashore by a storm....; By Steve Keith.

Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah: Snow lies in deep depressions and crevices on the side of a cliff in Bryce Mountain National Park. Evergreen trees cling to the sides of the cliff and provide contrast to the red and tan soils on the cliff.; Format: image/photograph

Ceramic tile roofs of houses in Hoi An: A view of the ceramic tile roofs of houses in Hoi An also shows the area's suspended electric lines and surrounding vegetation. Coconut trees are visible in the background. Interlocking ceramic tiles are used to roof cement houses in many areas of Southeast...; Format: image/photograph

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.