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On and offshore sand movement: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 4; Figure 1 is a diagram from the author's book entitled The Nature of North Carolina's Southern Coast, published by UNC press in 1997. The figure illustrates how sand is moved on...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Surviving storms: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 11; The first house on northern Nags Head was built by W. G. Pool, a doctor from Elizabeth City. Many of Dr. Pool's friends followed his lead — mostly because he gave them seaside lots as gifts — and a new era of seaside living began on the Outer Banks....; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

Coquina Beach: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 12; Storm overwash is one of the more prevalent processes with which humans must cope on the Outer Banks. During storms, large volumes of sand are eroded from the seaward side of the islands and redeposited in large overwash fans, which extend landward across...; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane-resistant construction: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 23; Figure 20 shows construction of a house clearly designed to function as a pier during extreme weather. Note the number and size of the support timbers and the surf breaking on the beach in the near background. Rarely does one see human efforts to overcome...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Oregon Inlet: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 16; The formation and migration of inlets is another important natural process that takes place on the Outer Banks. Inlets perform two primary functions during storms. They allow the storm surge that piles up in the sound to escape, and they also allow the fresh...; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

Defending the shoreline: In Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes, page 14; Owners of property on both the peninsula and the barrier island are not pleased when rising sea level kills their trees and increases the likelihood that their land and buildings will be flooded during storms. There is a continuing controversy about whether...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Living in a salt marsh: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 18; Figure 15 shows an extreme example of siting a house as far as possible from the beachfront. This one appears to be built mostly on the salt marsh on the landward side of the island. It survived Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd without a scratch, but storm surges...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

North Topsail Beach: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 9; Figure 7 begins our tour of North Topsail Beach, a developed, low sand volume area of Topsail Island. The photograph shows the same flat topography that we saw on Masonboro, but this time there is a condominium complex right on the berm. The flat dunefield...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Rebuilding dunes: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 14; Figure 12 shows new dunes built to provide protection from the next storm's overwash. The sand for this construction has been scraped off roads and overwash fans further back on the island. It has been cleaned of debris by passing it through a slatted steel...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dunes nearer the ocean: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 9; Figure 8 shows the Bear Island dunefield nearer the ocean than those shown in previous photographs and also closer to the inlet that separates Bear Island from Bogue Banks. Bogue Banks, our next stop on this field trip, is a developed barrier island, as you...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beach and berm: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 4; Figure 2 shows another view of the same rather dull topography of beach and berm. A little life can be seen in the middle background where pioneering sand dune plants have established a precarious roothold. In the left background you can see where sand has...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane storm surges in North Carolina: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 6; Figure 3 shows the bottom of the exhibit shown in Figure 2 and provides data on recent hurricanes in North Carolina. Those shown are four of the storms of the 1990s but do not include Dennis and Floyd in 1999, both of which occurred just weeks before the...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Beachfront mansion: In Small sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 15; Figure 13 shows a recently built beachfront mansion on the even more recently flattened topography of North Topsail. Note the tilted beach access steps indicative of damage from Hurricanes Dennis and/or Floyd in 1999. Note also the corner iron for the lot...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Buxton overwash: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 18; The Buxton overwash zone is located where the orientation of the island bends to form Cape Hatteras. The Buxton overwash zone has been the site of rapid shoreline retreat, frequent overwash, and the formation of inlets such as the Cape Inlet, Chacandepeco...; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

The unpainted aristocracy of Nags Head: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 10; In northern Nags Head some seaside homes have survived the frequent storms of the Outer Banks. Located near the intersection of Virginia Dare Trail (NC 12) and East Soundside Drive, these “unpainted aristocracy” homes are the oldest summer cottages...; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

Hurricane storm surges: In Hurricanes on sandy shorelines: Lessons for development, page 5; Figure 2 illustrates just how high hurricane storm surges can get along the gently sloping shorefaces of the southeastern United States. The photograph is of an exhibit at the North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher. The exhibit stands 6.5 feet above mean sea...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

The northern Outer Banks: In Natural and human impacts on the northern Outer Banks, page 1; The United States is currently experiencing a population boom along its eastern coast, and the development of beaches and coastal areas is taking place at an alarming rate. As humans invade the coastal zone, more and more reports are heard of erosion and property...; By Blair Tormey and Dirk Frankenberg.

Detail of storm surge exhibit showing data from recent local storms: Format: image/photograph

Bogue Inlet: In Large sand volume barrier islands: Environmental processes and development risks, page 10; Figure 9 shows the Bear Island beach near Bogue Inlet. This area appears as a white band in the right middle distance in Figure 8. Note the almost continuous maritime grassland in the foreground and bare sand stretching back into the salt marsh on the shore...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Evidence of rising sea level: Coastal erosion and plant community changes: A Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations “virtual field trip” that examines the causes and effects of changes in sea level, both short-term (as a result of storms) and long-term (as a result of climate change).; Format: slideshow (multiple pages)

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.