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Sediment salt marshes: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 6; Figure 4 shows salt marshes growing inside the mouth of Bogue Inlet on sediment that has settled out of flooding tides. Areas of open water separate these marshes, but there is clearly more marsh than open water this close to the inlet. How these plants got...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Tidal freshwater section of the White Oak (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 13; Figure 11 is a view of a marsh about 10 miles upriver from the ocean. Here you see black needle rush along the water's edge along with a new plant, the freshwater sawgrass (cladium jamaicense) growing landward of it. In the background,...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Dutchman's Creek: Turning to the western shore, we have one more stop to make before we reach the sea. This photo shows Dutchman's Creek and a series of smaller tidal creeks. Just behind the serpentine creeks is a canal cutting clear across the photo. This canal originates...; By Steve Keith.

Ecology Center at Herring Ridge: This new environmental education center for 4th- 12th grade students has hands-on programs which promote a life-long interest in science and stewardship to the Earth.; Format: article/field trip opportunity

The White Oak River: Introduction: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 1; One of the interesting things to do during field study of natural areas is to follow an environmental gradient across the landscape. This is particularly rewarding if your gradient extends up a river, as the exploration takes on the aura of a classic “search...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Allen Creek: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 7; Moving south and to the opposite bank of the river, we come across Allen Creek. This side of the river is much less accessible, and wide expanses of marsh and swamp remain. Note the distinct tree line indicating a rather homogeneous change in elevation. In...; By Steve Keith.

Zeke's Island: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 11; Stretching across the middle of this photos is a cement wall, connecting the southern tip of Pleasure Island to Zeke's Island (center) and then to Smith Island, to the right. This wall keeps the north/south flow of the river from impacting this fragile ribbon...; By Steve Keith.

White Oak River estuary: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 8; Figure 6 is a view of the high salinity, open water area of the White Oak River estuary about 4 miles inland of the mouth. Salt marsh still occurs on the estuary floor, but it is clearly much less extensive than closer to the ocean and its sources of sediment....; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 15; Figure 13 is a view of a tidal freshwater section of the river where freshwater marsh dominated by sawgrass fronts a typical blackwater swamp forest. This is about 12 miles from the sea and does not get salt water very often at all. The log in the foreground...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Sawgrass fronts blackwater swamp forest (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 16; Figure 14 is the bank of the White Oak opposite that shown in figure 13. The swamp forest community shown in the background of figure 13 is growing right to the edge of the water here. Note the large loblolly pines in the right foreground and some bald cypress...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Pocosin wetland community: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 19; Figure 17 is a view of a pocosin wetland community like those that comprise the source of the White Oak in Hoffman State Forest about thirty miles inland of Bogue Inlet. Pocosin is a Native American word reputed to mean “swamp on a hill.”...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Tidal freshwater section of the White Oak (2): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 14; Figure 12 shows another part of the tidal freshwater section of the White Oak. Here you can see not only red cedars growing close to the river but also a few pines and maples. The presence of the latter species tells us that the water almost never gets salty...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community (1): In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 17; Figure 15 shows a coastal plain blackwater bottomland hardwood forest community about 100 yards back from the river. This community has a variety of small trees growing under the canopy trees of oak, maple, sweet gum, and pine. If you look closely at the forest...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

Bald Head Island: We have arrived at last to the Atlantic Ocean. On the left side of the inlet is Bald Head Island and on the right is Fort Caswell on the eastern tip of Oak Island. In the foreground is Soutport. The inlet is about one mile across. Notice that the boat traffic...; By Steve Keith.

Eastern 4-H Environmental Education Center: Located a few miles outside Columbia, North Carolina, the center provides programming dealing with ecology, ecosystems, and animals and their habitats to area school groups.; Format: article/field trip opportunity

YMCA Camp Hanes: Offers hands-on classes in environmental education which "encourages cooperation, teamwork, and understanding of ones own abilities and potential."; Format: article/field trip opportunity

Mix and match ecology: Human impact: This high-school biology lesson uses a group activity to teach students about the impact of human actions on natural resources.; Format: lesson plan (grade 9–12 Science); By MaryBeth Knight Greene.

How does decreasing salinity affect blackwater rivers?: In A blackwater river from sea to source: The White Oak River transect, page 2; All rivers that reach the sea have ocean water at their seaward ends, and freshwater at their sources. A trip up a river takes you along a gradient of salt concentration from near 3.5 percent (the average salinity, or salt content, of seawater) to zero. There...; By Dirk Frankenberg.

What makes an estuary?: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 2; Estuaries are defined as semi-enclosed bodies of water with intermediate salinities caused by the mixture of fresh and salt waters. That sounds simple enough, but the true qualities of estuaries are found in the interaction between the river and ocean inputs...; By Steve Keith.

Federal Point Basin: In Cape Fear estuaries: From river to sea, page 10; A few miles south of Snow's Cut, past Fort Fisher and the ferry to Southport, we come to the Federal Point Basin. The basin is part of the Zeke's Island Estuarine Reserve and is a research area for scientists at the North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher....; By Steve Keith.

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LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education, finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers and students of North Carolina — and the world.